The cavitation problem of a composite ball under a uniform temperature is investigated, and the ball is composed of two elastic solid materials. The nonlinear mathematical model of the problem is established with the finite logarithmic strain measure for a large geometric deformation and by the Hooke law for elastic materials. The analytic solutions in a parametric form are derived for the thermal dilatation of the composite ball with a large elastic deformation. Solution curves are given to describe the variations of the critical temperature in the cavitation with the geometric and material parameters. The bifurcation curve is also given to reveal the cavity growth after void nucleation. The numerical results for a computational example indicate that the radius of the cavity will rapidly grow above the critical temperature, and the loop stress will become infinite when void nucleation. This means that the materials near the cavity will produce a plastic deformation leading to local failure and fracture if the material of the internal ball is elastoplastic. In addition, the cavitation of the composite ball appears at a low temperature if the elastic property of the material of the internal ball is nearly uncompressible.