Fig. 1

The geometry of the cold wall (color online)"

Table 1

The relationships for determining the calculation of nanofluid thermophysical indices"

Fig. 2

The D2Q9 network arrangement"

Table 2

Thermal-physical properties of nanoparticles"

Fig. 3

Results independent of the elected lattice for curved cold walls: (a) φ=0.03, RP=0.25, Δ=0, λ=0°, Γ=-90°, and Ra=1× 105; (b) φ=0.03, Γ=0°, RP=0.25, Δ=0, Ha=0, n=0.8, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 4

(a) Comparison of the present results with those of Ref. [30]; (b) comparison of the present results with those of Ref. [23] (color online)"

Fig. 5

Comparison of the present results with those of different references, where continuous lines denote the results of (a) Ref. [23], (b) Ref. [5], (c) Ref. [18], (d) Ref. [27], and (e) Ref. [23], symbols denote the present results, and the difference ratio ξ is calculated as the difference divided by the reference results (color online)"

Fig. 6

(a) The streamlines for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=-90°, RP=0.25, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105; (b) the isotherms for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=-90°, RP=0.25, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105; (c) the entropy lines for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=-90°, RP=0.25, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 7

Dimensionless temperatures for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=-90°, RP=0.25, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 8

Dimensionless vertical velocity for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=-90°, RP=0.25, Δ=0, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 9

The mean Nu values for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=-90°, RP=0.25, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 10

The values of thermal performance coefficient for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, RP=0.25, Γ=-90°, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 11

Distribution of the contribution of entropy-creating factors for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=-90°, RP=0.25, λ=0°, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 12

(a) The streamlines for curved cold walls at φ=0.03, Ha=0, Δ=0, n=1, RP=0.25, and λ=90°; (b) the isotherms for curved cold walls at φ=0.03, Δ=0, n=1, RP=0.25, and λ=90°; (c) the entropy lines for curved cold walls at φ=0.03, Δ=0, n=1, RP=0.25, and λ=90° (color online)"

Fig. 13

The flow patterns for smooth cold walls at φ=0.03, Γ=0°, Ra=1× 105, Δ =0, n=0.8, and RP=0.25 (color online)"

Fig. 14

The mean Nu values at φ=0.03, Γ=0°, Ra=1× 105, Δ=0, n=0.8, and RP=0.25 (color online)"

Table 3

The values of ε and Be at φ=0.03, Γ=0°, Ra=1× 105, Δ=0, n=0.8, and RP=0.25"

Fig. 15

The flow patterns for curved cold walls at Γ=0°, φ=0.03, Δ=0, Ha=0, and Ra=1× 105 (color online)"

Fig. 16

The mean Nu values for curved cold walls at Γ=0°, φ=0.03, and Ha=0 (color online)"

Fig. 17

The values of thermal performance index for curved cold walls at Γ=0°, φ=0.03, and Ha=0 (color online)"