Abstract:

The flow of a tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid (Al₂O₃-CuO-TiO₂-Ag/H₂O) over a nonlinear stretching sheet is investigated. The Buongiorno model is used to account for thermophoresis and Brownian motion, while thermal radiation is incorporated to examine its influence on the thermal boundary layer. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with fully non-dimensional similarity transformations involving all independent variables. To solve the obtained highly nonlinear system of differential equations, a novel Clique polynomial collocation method is applied. The analysis focuses on the effects of the Casson parameter, power index, radiation parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter, and Lewis number. The key findings show that thermal radiation intensifies the thermal boundary layer, the Casson parameter reduces the velocity, and the Lewis number suppresses the concentration with direct relevance to polymer processing, coating flows, electronic cooling, and biomedical applications.

Key words: similarity transformation, nonlinear stretching sheet, Casson parameter, tetra-hybrid nanofluid, thermal radiation, Clique polynomial collocation method