Progress in wind tunnel experimental techniques for wind turbine

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the unsteady aerodynamics experiment (UAE) phase VI and the model experiment in controlled conditions (MEXICO) projects and the related research carried out in China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center (CARDC), the recent progress in the wind tunnel experimental techniques for the wind turbine is summarized. Measurement techniques commonly used for different types of wind tunnel experiments for wind turbine are reviewed. Important research achievements are discussed, such as the wind tunnel disturbance, the equivalence of the airfoil inflow condition, the three-dimensional (3D) effect, the dynamic inflow influence, the flow field structure, and the vortex induction. The corresponding research at CARDC and some ideas on the large wind turbine are also introduced.

Key words: wind turbine, aerodynamics, wind tunnel experiment

2010 MSC Number:

O355

Jingping XIAO, Li CHEN, Qiang WANG, Qiao WANG. Progress in wind tunnel experimental techniques for wind turbine. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition), 2016, 37(S1): 51-66.

TrendMD

References

[1] Schepers, J. G., Brand, A. J., and Bruining, A. Final Report of IEA Annex XIV:Field Rotor Aerodynamics, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN-C-97-027, the Netherlands (1997)
[2] Schepers, J. G., Brand, A., and Bruining, A. Final Report of IEA Annex XVⅢ:Enhanced Field Rotor Aerodynamics Database, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN-C-02-016, the Netherlands (2002)
[3] Madsen, H. A., Bak, C., Paulsen, U. S., Romblad, J., and Enevoldsen, P. The DAN-AERO MW Experiments:Final Report, Technical University of Denmark, Risø-R-1726(EN), Denmark (2010)
[4] Hand, M. M., Simms, D., Fingersh, L. J., and Larwood, S. Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment Phase VI:Wind Tunnel Test Configurations and Available Data Campaigns, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-500-29955, U. S.A. (2001)
[5] Schepers, J. G. and Snel, H. Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN-E-07-042, the Netherlands (2007)
[6] Whale, J. and Anderson, C. G. An experimental investigation of wind turbine wakes using particle image velocimetry. Proceedings of the 1993 European Community Wind Energy, Murdoch University, Lubeek-Travemunde (1993)
[7] Whale, J., Papadopoulos, K. H., Anderson, C. G., Helmis, C. G., and Skyner, D. J. A study of the near wake structure of a wind turbine comparing measurements from laboratory and full-scale experiments. Solar Energy, 56, 621-633(1996)
[8] Whale, J., Anderson, C. G., Bareiss, R., andWagner, S. An experimental and numerical study of the vortex structure in the wake of a wind turbine. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 84, 1-21(2000)
[9] Fujisawa, N. and Shibuya, S. Observations of dynamic stall on Darrieus wind turbine blades. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 89, 201-214(2001)
[10] Hirahara, H., Hossain, M. Z., Kawahashi, M., and Nonomura, Y. Testing basic performance of a very small wind turbine designed for multi-purposes. Renewable Energy, 30, 1279-1297(2005)
[11] Hu, D., Tian, J., and Du, C. PIV experimental study on the wake flow of horizontal-axis wind turbine model. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 28, 200-206(2007)
[12] Dobrev, I., Maalouf, B., Troldborg, N., and Massouh, F. Investigation of the wind turbine vortex structure. 14th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal (2008)
[13] Gao, Z. Y., Wang, J. W., Dong, X. Q., Han, X. L., and You, Z. G. PIV experiment on tip vortex flow of horizontal axis wind turbine. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 31, 414-418(2010)
[14] Xiao, J. P., Jie, W. U., Chen, L., and Shi, Z. Y. PIV measurements of tip vortex wake structure of a wind turbine. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 32, 683-692(2011)
[15] Raffel, M., Willert, C. E., and Kompenhans, J. Particle Image Velocimetry:a Practical Guide, Springer, Berlin (2013)
[16] Xiao, J. P., Chen, L., Jie, W. U., and Li, X. H. Construction of wind turbine experiment platform in wind tunnel. Proceedings of the 8th National Wind Energy Application Technology, Chinese Aerodynamics Research Society, Wuxi (2011)
[17] Schepers, J. G., Boorsma, K., Cho, T., Gomez-Iradi, S., and Schaffarczyk, P. Final Report of IEA Task 29, Mexnext (Phase 1):Analysis of MEXICO Wind Tunnel Measurements, ECNE-12-004, the Netherlands (2011)
[18] Butterfield, C. P., Musial, W. P., and Simms, D. A. Combined Experiment Phase 1, Final Report, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-257-4655, U. S.A. (1992)
[19] Schepers, J. G. Engineering Models in Wind Energy Aerodynamics:Development, Implementation and Analysis Using Dedicated Aerodynamic Measurements, Ph. D. dissertation, Delft University of Technology, Delft (2012)
[20] Schepers, J. G., Boorsma, K., and Munduate, X. Results from Mexnext:Analysis of Detailed Aerodynamic Measurements on a 4.5 m Diameter Rotor Placed in the Large German Dutch Wind Tunnel DNW, Nationcal Renewable Energy Center, ECN-M-13-003, the Netherlands (2011)
[21] He, D. X., Chen, K., Zhang, L. L., Li, M. S., Huang, H. J., Chen, X., Zhou, Y. P., Zhu, G. L., Li, S. M., and Wang, K. C. Wind Energy and Industrial Aerodynamics, National Defence Industry Press, Beijing (2006)
[22] Xiao, J. P., Chen, L., Xu, B. F., and Jie, W. U. Investigation on aerodynamic performance of a 1.5-mw wind turbine. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 29, 529-534(2011)
[23] Glauert, H. The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory, Cambridge University Press, New York (1983)
[24] Maskell, E. C. A Theory of the Blockage Effects on Bluff Bodies and Stalled Wings in a Closed Wind Tunnel, Aeronautical Research Council, ARC-R/M-3400, London (1963)
[25] Schreck, S. J. and Robinson, M. C. Dynamic stall and rotational augmentation in recent wind turbine aerodynamic experiments. Proceedings of 32nd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Missouri (2002)
[26] Hackett, J. E., Wilsden, D. J., and Stevens, W. A. A Review of the Wall Pressure Signature and Other Tunnel Constraint Methods for High Angle-of-attack Tests, AGARD Wind Tunnel Corrections for High Angle of Attack Models, AGARD-692, Georgia (1980)
[27] Jiang, G. Q. The wall pressure signnature matrix method for solid wall interference correction of low speed wind tunnel. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 6, 64-72(1988)
[28] Jiang, G. Q. Two important new improvement of wall interference correction method by wall pressure information at low speed wind tunnel. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 10, 435-443(1992)
[29] Barlow, J. B., Rae,W. H., and Pope, A. Low-speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley, New York (1984)
[30] Schreck, S. and Robinson, M. Dynamic stall and rotational augmentation in recent wind turbine aerodynamics experiments. 32nd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Missouri (2002)
[31] Snel, H. 1-Dimensional Analysis of Flow Around Turbine Including Collector Effects, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands (2002)
[32] Shen, W. Z., Zhu, W. J., and Sørensen, J. N. Validation of the actuator line/Navier-Stokes technique using MEXICO measurements. The Science of Making Torque From Wind 2010, European Academy of Wind Energy, Crete (2010)
[33] Réthoré, P. E., Sørensen, N. N., Zahle, F., Bechmann, A., and Madsen, H. A. MEXICO wind tunnel and wind turbine modelled in CFD, 29th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Honolulu (2011)
[34] Réthoré, P. E., Sørensen, N. N., Zahle, F., Bechmann, A., and Madsen, H. A. CFD model of the MEXICO wind tunnel. EWEA Annual Event, European Wind Energy Association, Brussels (2011)
[35] Hansen, M. O. and Johansen, J. Tip studies using CFD and comparison with tip loss models. Wind Energy, 7, 343-356(2004)
[36] Guntur, S. K., Bak, C., and Sørensen, N. N. Analysis of 3D stall models for wind turbine blades using data from the MEXICO experiment. 13th International Conference on Wind Engineering, ICWE, Amsterdam (2011)
[37] Sant, T., van Kuik, G., and van Bussel, G. J. W. Estimating the angle of attack from blade pressure measurements on the NREL phase VI rotor using a free wake vortex model:axial conditions. Wind Energy, 9, 549-577(2006)
[38] Shen, W. Z., Hansen, M. O., and Sørensen, J. N. Determination of the angle of attack on rotor blades. Wind Energy, 12, 91-98(2009)
[39] Yang, H., Shen, W. Z., Sørensen, J. N., and Zhu, W. J. Extraction of airfoil data using PIV and pressure measurements. Wind Energy, 14, 539-556(2011)
[40] Freeman, J. B. and Robinson, M. C. Algorithm using spherical coordinates to calculate dynamic pressure from 5-hole pressure probe data. Proceedings of 1998 ASME Wind Energy Symposium, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reno (1998)
[41] Shipley. D. E., Miller, M. S., Robinson, M. C., Luttges, M. W., and Simms, D. A. Techniques for the Determination of Local Dynamic Pressure and Angle of Attack on a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-442-7393, U. S.A. (1995)
[42] Dexin, H. and Thor, S. E. The execution of wind energy projects 1986-1992. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 94, S121(1993)
[43] Breton, S. P., Coton, F. N., and Moe, G. A study on rotational effects and different stall delay models using a prescribed wake vortex scheme and NREL phase VI experiment data.Wind Energy, 11, 459-482(2008)
[44] Schreck, S. and Sant, T. Rotational Augmentation Disparities in the MEXICO and UAE Phase VI Experiments, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/CP-500-47759, U. S.A. (2010)
[45] Snel, H., Schepers, J. G., Snel, H., and Schepers, J. G. Joint Investigation of Dynamic Inflow Effects and Implementation of an Engineering Method, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN-C-94-107, the Netherlands (1995)
[46] Snel, H., Houwink, R., and Bosschers, J. Sectional Prediction of Lift Coefficients on Rotating Wind Turbine Blades in Stall, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN-C-93-052, the Netherlands (1994)
[47] ∅ye, S. Tjæreborg Wind Turbine (Esbjerg) First Dynamic Inflow Measurements, Technical University of Denmark, VK-187, Denmark (1991)
[48] Schepers, J. G. and Schepers, J. G. IEA Annex XX:Dynamic Inflow Effects at Fast Pitching Steps on a Wind Turbine Placed in the NASA-Ames Wind Tunnel, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN-E-07-085, the Netherlands (2007)
[49] Pascal, L. Analysis of MEXICO Measurements, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECNWind Memo-09-010, the Netherlands (2009)
[50] Ebert, P. R. and Wood, D. H. The near wake of a model horizontal-axis wind turbine I:experimental arrangements and initial results. Renewable Energy, 12, 225-243(1997)
[51] Ebert, P. R. andWood, D. H. The near wake of a model horizontal axis wind turbine Ⅲ:properties of tip and hub vortices. Renewable Energy, 22, 461-472(2001)
[52] Vermeer, L. J., Sorensen, J. N., and Crespo, A., Wind turbine wake aerodynamics. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 39, 467-510(2003)
[53] Mast, E. H. M., Vermeer, L. J., and van Bussel, G. J. W. Estimation of the circulation distribution on a rotor blade from detailed near wake velocities. Wind Energy, 7, 189-209(2004)
[54] Smith, G. H., Grant, I., Liu, A., Infield, D., and Eich, T. The wind tunnel application of particle image velocimetry to the measurement of flow over a wind turbine.Wind Engineering, 15, 301-317(1991)
[55] Grant, I., Parkin, P., and Wang, X. Optical vortex tracking studies of a horizontal axis wind turbine in yaw using laser-sheet, flow visualisation. Experiments in Fluids, 23, 513-519(1997)
[56] Maeda, T., Kinpara, Y., and Kakinaga, T. Wind tunnel and field experiments on wake behind horizontal axial wind turbine. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 17, 162-170(2005)
[57] Massouh, F. and Dobrev, I. Exploration of the vortex wake behind of wind turbine rotor. Journal of Physics:Conference Series, 75, 012036(2007)
[58] Miller, R. H. Free Wake Techniques for Rotor Aerodynamic Analysis. Volume 1:Summary of Results and Background Theory, NASA Technical Reports Server, NASA-CR-166434, U. S.A. (1982)
[59] Schepers, J. G., Boorsma, K., and Snel, H. IEA task 29 Mexnext:analysis of wind tunnel measurements from the EU project MEXICO. The Science of Making Torque from the Wind 2010, European Academy of Wind Energy, Crete (2010)
[60] Schepers, J. G., Pascal, L., and Snel, H. First results from Mexnext:analysis of detailed aerodynamic measurements on a 4.5 m diameter rotor placed in the large German Dutch Wind Tunnel DNW. Proceedings of European Wind Energy Conference, European Wind Energy Association, Brussels (2010)
[61] Snel, H., Schepers, J. G., and Montgomerie, B. The MEXICO project:the database and first results of data processing and interpretation. Journal of Physics:Conference Series, 75, 012014(2007)
[62] Wang, T., Wang, L., Zhong, W., Xu, B., and Chen, L. Large-scale wind turbine blade design and aerodynamic analysis. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57, 466-472(2012)