Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 795-812.doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-025-3249-8
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Tianchi YU1, Feng LIANG2,3,†(
), Hualin YANG2,3
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RSSReceived:2025-01-15
Revised:2025-03-10
Online:2025-05-07
Published:2025-05-07
Contact:
Feng LIANG, E-mail: lf84411@163.comSupported by:2010 MSC Number:
Tianchi YU, Feng LIANG, Hualin YANG. Vibration energy harvesting of a three-directional functionally graded pipe conveying fluids. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition), 2025, 46(5): 795-812.
Fig. 1
Schematic diagrams of the vibration energy harvester based on a 3D FG pipe conveying fluids: (a) general view; (b) cross-sectional view (color online)"
Table 1
Material parameters of the 3D FG energy harvester"
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Epoxy elastic modulus | 4.35 GPa |
| Epoxy density | 1 180 kg/m3 |
| Metal elastic modulus | 105 GPa |
| Metal density | 9 000 kg/m3 |
| Piezoelectric layer elastic modulus | 60.6 GPa |
| Piezoelectric layer density | 7 500 kg/m3 |
| Piezoelectric layer permittivity | 21 nF/m |
| Piezoelectric constant |
Fig. 2
Output peak voltage of a uniform bimorph pipe energy harvester with respect to the excitation frequency, where the damping ratio ξi=0.05, i=1, 2, 3, ⋯, and the load resistance R=20 kΩ (color online)"
Table 2
The first three natural frequencies of the pipe energy harvester determined by different methods"
| Natural frequency | Galerkin | COMSOL | Resonance frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st-order | 63.5 | 64.1 | 63.5 |
| 2nd-order | 397.7 | 398.2 | 396.1 |
| 3rd-order | 1 113.6 | 1 096.0 | 1 114.1 |
Fig. 3
The first three mode shapes of the pipe energy harvester obtained by FE simulation (color online)"
Fig. 4
Theoretically predicted peak voltage harvested by a bimorph cantilevered beam with a load resistance of 470 kΩ (color online)"
Fig. 5
Output peak voltage of the 3D FG pipe energy harvester under effects of different FGM parameters: (a) the index β, describing the gradient distribution of material properties along the axial direction of the pipe; (b) the index n2, describing the gradient distribution of material properties along the height direction of the pipe; (c) the index n1, describing the gradient distribution of material properties along the width direction of the pipe, for Θ=10; (d) the parameter Θ, a material constant in the width direction of the pipe (color online)"
Fig. 6
Output peak voltage of the 3D FG pipe energy harvester at a given excitation frequency of f=53 Hz, under interactive effects of different FGM parameters: (a) the relationship between the axial and width gradient indices; (b) the relationship between the axial and height gradient indices; (c) the relationship between the width and height gradient indices; (d) the relationship between the material constant and width gradient index (color online)"
Fig. 7
Output energy of the 3D FG pipe energy harvester under the effect of the load resistance: (a) the tip amplitude; (b) the output peak voltage; (c) the output peak current; (d) the output peak power (color online)"
Fig. 8
Output peak power of the 3D FG pipe energy harvester as a function of the frequency and load resistance: (a) the mode 1; (b) the mode 2 (color online)"
Fig. 9
Maximum peak voltage in the first mode under interactive effects of the piezoelectric layer thickness and load resistance (color online)"
Fig. 10
Output peak voltage of the 3D FG pipe energy harvester as a function of the frequency and flow velocity: (a) the mode 1; (b) the mode 2 (color online)"
Fig. 11
Maximum peak voltage of the first mode as a function of the flow velocity and flow cross-sectional area (color online)"
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