Fig. 1

Radial distribution function of eDPD nanoparticles with different RNP (color online)"

Fig. 2

(a) Variation of the drag force on nanoparticles with respect to the diameter of a single particle at a velocity of 0.25;(b) comparison of the drag force on nanoparticles with the Stokes formula (color online)"

Fig. 3

Comparison of the diffusion rate of nanoparticles with the Einstein-Stokes formula (color online)"

Fig. 4

Variation of the density ρ of the nanofluid with respect to the temperature T at different volume fractions (color online)"

Fig. 5

Variation of βnf of the nanofluid with respect to the temperature T (color online)"

Fig. 6

Comparison of the trend in the effective dynamic viscosity versus the nanofluid volume fraction with theoretical values (color online)"

Fig. 7

Square cavity for single-particle hydrodynamics in the eDPD system (color online)"

Fig. 8

Comparison of isotherms for natural convection of nanofluids at Ra=104 (color online)"

Fig. 9

C-shaped cavity model"

Fig. 10

Temperature contour plots when Ra is 105 and the aspect ratio ra is 0.4 (color online)"

Fig. 11

Temperature contour plots when Ra is 106 and the aspect ratio ra is 0.4 (color online)"

Fig. 12

Nu of eDPD compared with the simulation results of Mostafa and Seyed[46] (color online)"

Fig. 13

Square cavity of the nanofluid natural convection (color online)"

Fig. 14

Natural convection for the pure fluid without nanoparticles and the nanofluid with nanoparticles (color online)"

Fig. 15

Comparison of the temperature contours for natural convection without and with nanoparticles (color online)"

Fig. 16

Velocity contours for natural convection without nanoparticles and with nanoparticles (color online)"

Fig. 17

Distributions of the nanoparticle quantity N along the X- and Y-axes: (a) along the bottom hot wall, (b) along the top cold wall, (c) along the left cold wall, and (d) along the right cold wall (color online)"